Xenophon
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Stranded deep in enemy territory, the Spartan general Clearchus and the other Greek senior officers were subsequently killed or captured by treachery on the part of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging the Greek army of 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes towards the Black Sea and the comparative security...
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Widely considered the most famous work of the professional soldier and writer Xenophon, "Anabasis" is a true tale of dangerous adventure in ancient Greece. Though advised not to join the army of 10,000 by his friend Socrates, Xenophon does set out with Cyrus the Great in that man's attempt to gain the empire of Persia from his brother. When this leader is killed in battle, however, the army loses cause and direction, and the result is a 'marching...
3) Anabasis
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An ancient Greek mercenary soldier's account of leading an army on a dangerous march from Babylon to the Black Sea. Hired by a Persian prince hoping to take the throne from his brother, Xenophon was one professional soldier in an army of many when disaster struck and their leaders were killed or captured, leaving them stranded. Along with two others chosen by their fellow soldiers, Xenophon would lead the army to safety on the "March of the Ten Thousand."...
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One of two treaties on horsemanship by Xenophon, the famed Athenian historian, philosopher, and soldier, "The Art of Horsemanship" is a general work on the selection of horses and their subsequent care and training. Written in approximately 355 BC, Xenophon's treatise is the earliest surviving complete work on horsemanship and is a fascinating look into this ancient tradition. Xenophon informs the reader how to inspect both young and old horses for...
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Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes.
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Written in the early fourth century BCE by a gentleman and soldier from Athens, "Cyropaedia" is an account of Cyrus the Great that escapes a simple genre placement. It is a sort of historical, political, biographical, fictional romance, encapsulating the sweeping type of narrative characteristic of Xenophon's works. The overall portrait of Cyrus is artistic, offering glimpses of this huge figure's character. Organized into eight books, the entire...
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A Greek soldier, wealthy Athenian, Attic poet, and historian in the late 5th century B.C., Xenophon was a prolific writer and friend of Socrates during his lifetime. His "Memorabilia" directly defends the charges against Socrates, which were largely religious, but also political, in nature. This work then relates a series of episodes in which Socrates converses with a variety of individuals, from friends to rivals to important Greeks of his day, proving...
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One of the more important works of the ancient Greek writer, soldier, and historian Xenophon, "Hellenica" is essentially a history of Greek occurrences from 411 to 362 BCE. It continues a similar account begun by Thucydides to detail the events of the Peloponnesian War. Xenophon is the principal source for today's historians on the last seven years of this war, including the Battle of Mantineia, as well as the war's aftermath. Written during Xenophon's...
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This book contains new, annotated, and literal yet accessible translations of Xenophon's eight shorter writings, accompanied by interpretive essays that reveal these works to be masterful achievements by a serious thinker of the first rank who raises important moral, political, and philosophical questions. Five of these shorter writings are unmistakably devoted to political matters. The Agesilaos is a eulogy of a Spartan king, and the Hiero, or the...
10) The Economist
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The Economist by Xenophon. Translated by Henry Graham Dakyns
libreka classics — These are classics of literary history, reissued and made available to a wide audience.
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Xenophon's masterpiece The Education of Cyrus-a work admired by Machiavelli for its lessons on leadership-is at last available in a new English translation for a new century. Also known as the Cyropaedia, this philosophical novel is loosely based on the accomplishments of Cyrus the Great, founder of the vast Persian Empire that later became the archrival of the Greeks in the classical age. It offers an extraordinary portrait of political ambition,...
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Known best for his writings on the history of his own times, Xenophon (435-354 B.C.) was a philosopher, soldier, and mercenary who wrote several essays dealing with military practices of the ancient world. "On Horsemanship", one of his earliest known works, concentrates on the various aspects of selecting, training, and caring for a horse, and is still an extraordinary guide to equestrian study even 2,300 years after it was originally written. In...
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Stranded deep in enemy territory, the Spartan general Clearchus and the other Greek senior officers were subsequently killed or captured by treachery on the part of the Persian satrap Tissaphernes. Xenophon, one of three remaining leaders elected by the soldiers, played an instrumental role in encouraging the Greek army of 10,000 to march north across foodless deserts and snow-filled mountain passes towards the Black Sea and the comparative security...
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Collected together here are a collection of works revealing the philosophy of Socrates from his friend and contemporary Xenophon. In "The Memorabilia" Xenophon directly defends the charges against Socrates, which were largely religious, but also political, in nature. Subsequently a series of episodes in which Socrates converses is related revealing a remarkable glimpse into everyday Athenian life and the wisdom of Socrates' teachings. In "The Economist",...
15) The Apology
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libreka classics — These are classics of literary history, reissued and made available to a wide audience.
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One of the foundational works of military history and political philosophy, and an inspiration for Alexander the Great, The Anabasis of Cyrus recounts the epic story of the Ten Thousand, a band of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger to overthrow his brother, Artaxerxes, king of Persia and the most powerful man on earth. It shows how Cyrus' army was assembled covertly and led from the coast of Asia Minor all the way to Babylon; how the Greeks...
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Xenophon records the history of the Peloponnesian War beginning in 411 with the final years of the struggle between Athens and Sparta for mastery of Greece. His tales are portraits of democracy in crisis; of military dominance; of fratricidal strife; of the beginning of the slow, inexorable decline of the culture, that of Homer, and the Greek philosophers and tragedians-whose legacy serves as a foundation for the democratic values of the West.
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Xenophon was a friend of Socrates, and yet his concise memories of the iconic philosopher have lived under the shadow of the more voluminous accounts by Plato. Yet Xenophon's two works - Apology and Memorabilia - are, in many ways, more entertaining and more accessible, and they present a different view of the man who embodies a clear mind, temperate, ethical living, sharp intellect and humour.
For example, in Apology - the account of Socrates' trial...
19) Anabasis
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In 401 B.C. Xenophon and twelve thousand cheated Greek mercenaries find themselves stuck in the middle of the world's largest empire, Persia. Betrayed, outnumbered and besieged. The king gives them two options; surrender unconditionally and face a life of slavery or die. They decide to take the third option and fight their way home!
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Xenophon's The Art of Horsemanship is a highly unusual text in the corpus of Classical Greek literature. It is a short survey on the various aspects of care for horses as seen by a highly experienced rider from the 5th century BCE. It is particularly notable because so many of its observations are relevant to the modern rider. Xenophon, friend of Socrates and professional soldier, is best known as the author Anabasis, the vivid account of a failed...