Asian Development Bank
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This publication shares lessons from performance-based road maintenance contracts implemented in Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China, and Tajikistan. It outlines the contract scope, performance standards, inspections, response and reaction times, payments and deductions, and procurement and contract costs. The publication highlights learning from the different experiences and provides recommendations...
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This publication examines an alternative way to provide education more efficiently and effectively through public–private partnerships by looking into the secondary education policy of the Republic of Korea and Japan. Focusing on the financial support for private schools and on the accountability system, it explores the contribution of public–private partnerships in universal secondary education in these two countries. Despite initial challenges,...
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This guidance note explains why countries in Asia and the Pacific should use technology, including remote sensing and artificial intelligence, to reform property tax management and help strengthen public finances. Outlining why property tax is a stable revenue source, it shows how technology can be used to roll out computerized mass appraisal systems, automated value modeling, and integrated land information systems. It assesses the complex hurdles...
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This report explains why strengthening the governance around public investment management is central to cutting inefficiencies and unblocking the climate finance needed to narrow Asia and the Pacific's gaping infrastructure gap. Outlining how adaptation and mitigation should be woven into more inclusive investment planning, it explains why private investment should be combined with public resources to better tackle the climate and investment shortfall....
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Detailing how Australia's Therapeutics Goods Administration conducted horizon scanning for new vaccines during the pandemic to assist ADB, this report is designed to help countries in Asia and the Pacific prepare for future outbreaks. It provides details of 16 vaccine manufacturers with novel and established vaccine technologies adapted to new pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Offering information on their vaccine pipeline...
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The Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance 9017: Unlocking Innovation for Development's aim is to strengthen the capacity of Developing Member Countries of the Asian Development Bank to solve development problems using innovative solutions. At the five-year mark since the technical assistance was started, this report examines the evidence that has emerged so far to better understand in which ways the technical assistance achieved its aims, and...
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Indonesia's micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial drivers of economic growth, and this joint publication with Gojek looks at the potential of digital sales to strengthen their resilience. It shares findings from a study of MSME merchants using Gojek's GoFood platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Gojek played an important role in the continued operation of MSMEs that otherwise would have been cut off from customers....
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This report analyzes the online learning experiences of higher education students in six Asian countries during the pandemic to illustrate how to provide technical and learning support, narrow the digital divide, and direct future policy. Drawing on surveys from Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, and Viet Nam, the report touches on areas including internet availability, student satisfaction, and levels of student-teacher...
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This publication reviews recent developments in East Asian local currency bond markets along with the outlook, risks, and policy options. It covers the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea.
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This report analyzes tourism in Asia and the Pacific as a services export industry, assesses how it was hard hit by the pandemic, and looks at ways to better insulate tourism against future shocks. It gives a breakdown of tourism receipts for the region, analyzes the sector's current state and vulnerabilities, and looks at how free trade agreements, incentives, and multilateral measures can encourage growth. It recommends strengthening tourism infrastructure,...
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This report analyzes how to untangle and simplify the complex product-specific rules of origin (PSRO) in free trade agreements in Asia and the Pacific and explores how technology can cut red tape and reduce inefficiencies impacting trade. It compares the leniency and stringency of PSROs under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in terms of manufacturing requirements with those contained in ASEAN+1 free trade agreements. Assessing...
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Highlighting the importance of Asia's small and medium enterprises (SMEs), this report shows how economies can learn from policies employed by the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (US) to offer SMEs the credit they need to thrive. With SMEs making up some 96% of all Asian businesses, the report explains the challenges they commonly face and analyzes the impact of specialized financing facilities in the ROK and the US. It offers a study...
13) The Role of Intermediaries in Inclusive Water and Sanitation Services for Informal Settlements in
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In the Asia and Pacific region, accessing clean water and sanitation is a constant challenge for residents of informal settlements. Informal service providers, or intermediaries, have emerged in response to this significant essential service gap. This publication examines good practices particularly those involving intermediaries-social enterprises, the private sector, and nongovernment organizations-in delivering water and sanitation services in...
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This publication analyzes the risks of digital transformation and shows how context-aware and integrated risk management can advance the digitally resilient development projects needed to build a more sustainable and equitable future. The publication outlines ADB's digital risk assessment tools, looks at the role of development partners, and considers issues including cybersecurity, third-party digital risk management, and the ethical risks of artificial...
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The COVID-19 pandemic hit India in three waves between 2020 and 2022 with severe socioeconomic impact, particularly on poor and vulnerable people. The Government of India's response over different phases of the pandemic was comprehensive and graded. As its long-standing partner, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) proactively supported the government's strategic, multisectoral, and well planned intervention. ADB effectively realigned its operational...
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The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues was launched in June 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world. The PACER Dialogues share cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This second compendium of nine...
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This report analyzes e-commerce in Asia and the Pacific, assesses its environmental impact, and explains why providing adequate internet, online payments, and last-mile logistics is key to creating a sustainable and inclusive digital marketplace. Noting the region makes up the largest share of the world's online retail market, it tracks the impact of the pandemic and emphasizes the need to level the playing field for small businesses. It outlines...
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This report analyzes how to untangle and simplify the complex product-specific rules of origin (PSRO) in free trade agreements in Asia and the Pacific and explores how technology can cut red tape and reduce inefficiencies impacting trade. It compares the leniency and stringency of PSROs under the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in terms of manufacturing requirements with those contained in ASEAN+1 free trade agreements. Assessing...
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This publication analyzes the evolution of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) in Asia and the Pacific, assesses their potential risks and technical challenges, and explores their potential to improve cross-border payments and financial inclusion. Ahead of the launch of any large-scale Asian CBDC, it details various models and explores how Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, Singapore, and Thailand are taking the lead. Outlining global developments...
20) Manual for Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Transport Infrastructure in Central Asia With A
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This manual provides an overview of climate-driven stressors relevant to transport infrastructure in Central Asia and explores adaptation strategies. Over the next decades, the effects of climate change will likely exert considerable pressure on the transport infrastructure of Central Asia. In response, policymakers and the engineering community need to implement resilient yet sustainable designs and construction solutions. This resource provides...